[
  {
    "country": "EU-14 average",
    "iso": "EU",
    "year_range": "2014-2018",
    "metric": "annual_per_capita_nfp_eur",
    "native": 32,
    "intra_eu": null,
    "extra_eu": null,
    "all_migrants": 1510,
    "relative_to_native": null,
    "notes": "Migrants ~€1,500 more than natives (short-run). Age-driven. Source: Fiorio et al. / JRC 2022.",
    "data_quality": "high",
    "source": "JRC / Fiorio et al. 2022"
  },
  {
    "country": "Austria",
    "iso": "AT",
    "year_range": "2007-2018",
    "metric": "annual_mean_nfp_eur",
    "native": -1811,
    "intra_eu": -1723,
    "extra_eu": -1298,
    "all_migrants": null,
    "relative_to_native": null,
    "notes": "All groups negative; migrants less negative. Source: Leiden / TransEuroWorkS Table 8.",
    "data_quality": "medium",
    "source": "Leiden University 2024"
  },
  {
    "country": "Belgium",
    "iso": "BE",
    "year_range": "2007-2018",
    "metric": "annual_mean_nfp_eur",
    "native": 3424,
    "intra_eu": 5282,
    "extra_eu": 2029,
    "all_migrants": null,
    "relative_to_native": null,
    "notes": "Intra-EU strongest. Source: Leiden Table 8.",
    "data_quality": "medium",
    "source": "Leiden University 2024"
  },
  {
    "country": "Denmark",
    "iso": "DK",
    "year_range": "2019",
    "metric": "annual_aggregate_and_per_person",
    "native": 22000,
    "western": 45000,
    "non_western": -67000,
    "menapt": -74000,
    "all_immigrants_descendants_aggregate_bn_dkk": -16,
    "western_aggregate_bn_dkk": 11,
    "non_western_aggregate_bn_dkk": -27,
    "relative_non_western_to_native": null,
    "notes": "Official Ministry of Finance. Non-Western (esp. MENAPT) large net cost; Western positive. Per-person approximate from 2017-2019 data (DKK, ~7.5 DKK/EUR). Lifetime projections show non-Western persistent deficit.",
    "data_quality": "very_high",
    "source": "Finansministeriet 2023 (2019 data)"
  },
  {
    "country": "France",
    "iso": "FR",
    "year_range": "2007-2018",
    "metric": "annual_mean_nfp_eur",
    "native": -3283,
    "intra_eu": -3680,
    "extra_eu": -3893,
    "all_migrants": null,
    "notes": "All negative; migrants slightly more negative. Source: Leiden Table 8.",
    "data_quality": "medium",
    "source": "Leiden University 2024"
  },
  {
    "country": "Germany",
    "iso": "DE",
    "year_range": "2007-2018 / 2018",
    "metric": "annual_mean_nfp_eur",
    "native": -2433,
    "intra_eu": null,
    "extra_eu": -6376,
    "non_eu_nfc_2018": -2633,
    "eu_nfc_2018": 3175,
    "native_nfc_2018": 629,
    "notes": "Short-run migrants can look better due to age; non-EU negative. Age-adjusted natives better. Source: Leiden + DIW/IAB 2024.",
    "data_quality": "medium-high",
    "source": "Leiden 2024; DIW/IAB 2024"
  },
  {
    "country": "Italy",
    "iso": "IT",
    "year_range": "2007-2018",
    "metric": "annual_mean_nfp_eur",
    "native": -1672,
    "intra_eu": 580,
    "extra_eu": 767,
    "notes": "Migrants positive while natives negative (Southern Europe pattern). Source: Leiden Table 8.",
    "data_quality": "medium",
    "source": "Leiden University 2024"
  },
  {
    "country": "Netherlands",
    "iso": "NL",
    "year_range": "2016 lifetime",
    "metric": "lifetime_discounted_net_eur",
    "native_reference": 0,
    "western_avg": 42000,
    "non_western_avg": -167000,
    "percent_positive_immigrants": 20,
    "examples": {
      "north_america": 210000,
      "japan_scandinavia": 150000,
      "horn_of_africa_sudan": -315000,
      "morocco": -480000,
      "asylum_avg": -400000
    },
    "notes": "Full microdata lifetime study. Only 20% of immigrants positive. Large variation by origin and motive. Cultural distance correlates with outcomes. Source: van de Beek et al. IZA 2024.",
    "data_quality": "very_high",
    "source": "van de Beek et al. 2024 IZA DP 17569"
  },
  {
    "country": "Spain",
    "iso": "ES",
    "year_range": "2007-2018",
    "metric": "annual_mean_nfp_eur",
    "native": -1756,
    "intra_eu": -242,
    "extra_eu": -161,
    "notes": "Migrants less negative than natives. Source: Leiden Table 8.",
    "data_quality": "medium",
    "source": "Leiden University 2024"
  },
  {
    "country": "Sweden",
    "iso": "SE",
    "year_range": "2007-2018",
    "metric": "annual_mean_nfp_eur",
    "native": -528,
    "intra_eu": -1767,
    "extra_eu": -1127,
    "notes": "Natives better than migrants in this window. Labour migrants positive in other studies; refugee cohorts negative. Source: Leiden Table 8.",
    "data_quality": "medium",
    "source": "Leiden University 2024"
  },
  {
    "country": "United Kingdom",
    "iso": "GB",
    "year_range": "various",
    "metric": "mixed_static_lifetime",
    "eea_positive": true,
    "non_eea_mixed": true,
    "notes": "EEA migrants frequently net positive (Dustmann/Frattini, Oxford Economics, MAC). Non-EEA mixed/negative depending on skill, family, period. Recent skilled cohorts strongly positive. Source: Migration Observatory synthesis + MAC.",
    "data_quality": "medium-high",
    "source": "Dustmann & Frattini; Oxford Economics; MAC"
  }
]